NASIB
ANAK JOHOR YANG MENGABDIKAN DIRI UNTUK RAJA
DATUK
ABD RAHMAN BIN ANDAK
DATUK
SERI AMAR DIRAJA
JOHOR
Masa aku sekolah menengah dulu, terdapat beberapa sekolah
menengah aliran Melayu yang agak popular kerana namanya agak ganjil berbanding
dengan nama sekolah-sekolah lain. Sekolah-sekolah tersebut ialah Sekolah
Dato’ Seri Amar Diraja (SDAD) di Muar, Sekolah Dato’ Bentara Luar (SDBL) di
Batu Pahat, Sekolah Dato’ Bentara Dalam di Segamat, Sekolah Dato’ Penggawa
Barat di Pontian dan Sekolah Dato Penggawa Timur di JB.
Rupanya, gelaran-gelaran tersebut menggambarkan bahawa
sejak pertengahan abad ke 19, semasa dalam pemerintahan Maharaja Abu Bakar dan
sebelum menyertai Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, Negeri Johor telah merdeka dan mempunyai
sistem pentadbiran yang sistematik. Kalau negeri-negeri lain, Dato’ Bergelar
hanyalah satu gelaran yang dianugerahi oleh Sultan dan hanya terlibat dengan
urusan adat istiadat sahaja, di Johor ia berbeza. Dato’ Bergelar yang
diwujudkan merupakan Pegawai Kerajaan (sekarang Pegawai Tadbir Negeri) yang
mempunyai fungsi khusus.
Dalam pemerintahannya, Baginda Sultan Abu Bakar mempunyai
senarai orang-besar terdiri dari kalangan anak negeri (Melayu) yang
berpendidikan dan bijak bestari. Peranan Orang-orang Besar ini adalah
seperti Jemaah Menteri. Mereka ialah:
- Dato Seri Amar DiRaja (Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri) – Dato Abdul Rahman bin Andak.
- Dato Bentara Luar (Ketua Jabatan Tanah dan Pegawai Pembangunan Negeri) – Dato’ Muhammad Salleh bin Perang.
- Dato Bentara Dalam (Pegawai Pelajaran Negeri) – Dato’ Muhammad Ibrahim Munsyi Abdullah.
- Dato Seri Setia DiRaja (Ketua Polis Negeri) – Dato’ Abdullah bin Tahir.
- Dato Penggawa Barat (Pegawai Daerah Wilayah Barat Johor) – Dato Abdul Samad bin Ibrahim.
- Dato Penggawa Timur (Pegawai Daerah Wilayah Timur Johor) – Dato’ Jaafar bin Nong Yahya.
Mereka ini bukan terhad kepada kalangan yang berketurunan
orang besar sahaja, tetapi juga dari kalangan rakyat biasa.
Bagaimanapun dalam zaman pemerintahan Sultan Ibrahim peranan penjawat-penjawat di atas semakin terhakis dengan kemasukan Penasihat-penasihat Inggeris yang mempengaruhi pihak istana. Peranan penasihat dari kalangan pembesar Melayu mula diketepikan malah ada dari kalangan mereka dinasihatkan untuk bersara atau dibersarakan.
Bagaimanapun dalam zaman pemerintahan Sultan Ibrahim peranan penjawat-penjawat di atas semakin terhakis dengan kemasukan Penasihat-penasihat Inggeris yang mempengaruhi pihak istana. Peranan penasihat dari kalangan pembesar Melayu mula diketepikan malah ada dari kalangan mereka dinasihatkan untuk bersara atau dibersarakan.
Sebab itulah, selepas merdeka dalam Malaysia, Johor
memang terkenal melahirkan tokoh-tokoh yang berpendidikan tinggi di peringkat
kebangsaan seperti Dato’ Sir Onn Jaafar, Tun Dr Ismail Abd Rahman, Tun Hussein
Onn, Datuk Sulaiman Abd Rahman,Tun Sardon Jubir, Tun Fatimah Hashim, Tun
Sulaiman Ninam Shah, Tan Sri Abd Kadir Yusof, Tan Sri Syed Nasir, Tan Sri Syed
Jaafar Albar, Prof Ungku Aziz, Tun Dr Awang Hassan dan
lain-lain lagi.
Malah, sejak zaman Tunku, Tun Razak, Tun Hussein, Tun Dr Mahathir, Tun Abdullah dan zaman Dato Sri Najib sekarang, kita lihat peratus wakil rakyat dari Johor adalah sentiasa paling tinggi di kalangan Menteri dan Timbalan Menteri dari Johor.
Malah, sejak zaman Tunku, Tun Razak, Tun Hussein, Tun Dr Mahathir, Tun Abdullah dan zaman Dato Sri Najib sekarang, kita lihat peratus wakil rakyat dari Johor adalah sentiasa paling tinggi di kalangan Menteri dan Timbalan Menteri dari Johor.
Tokoh Yang Makin Dilupai
Nama dan jasa Dato Seri Amar Diraja telah semakin
dilupakan oleh rakyat Johor sendiri. Dalam Tajuk blog kali ini aku ingin
mengungkap sedikit untuk kita mengenali siapa dia Dato Seri Amar Diraja, apa
peranan beliau dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan dan pembangunan dan pemodenan
negeri Johor.
Dato’ Seri Amar Diraja (DSAD) atau nama sebenarnya Abdul Rahman bin Andak merupakan anak Johor yang
berpendidikan Inggeris dan dianggap sebagai antara pembesar negeri yang
sangat pintar sehinggakan wujud usaha menyingkirkannya dari bumi sendiri.
Semasa aku di Tingkatan 3 hingga 5, cikgu subjek Sejarah aku (Cikgu Uiop bin Kasim) pernah
bercerita tentang kebijaksanaan DSAD ini telah menyebabkan Orang Inggeris gagal
mempengaruhi Sultan Ibrahim Johor (supaya tidak mengikut telunjuk Mat Saleh)
sehinggalah ke suatu ketika Mat Saleh menggunakan taktik kotor mempengaruhi Sultan
supaya membenci dan memecat DSAD. Mat Saleh amat takut dan sakit hati
serta dengki dengan DSAD, bukan sebab dia rapat dengan Sultan tetapi kerana
kebijaksanaannya serta kelebihannya yang fasih berbahasa Inggeris, dan amat
memahami budaya serta mudah menghidu tipu helah Orang Inggeris untuk
mempengaruhi Sultan. Inggeris sentiasa mencari jalan untuk menjauhkan dia
dengan Sultan. Akhirnya Inggeris berjaya menyebabkan Sultan murka dan meemcat
DSAD dan menyuruh tinggal di England sehingga mati. Kira-kira macam buang
negeri jauh-jauh supaya tidak boleh mencampuri urusan pentadbiran dalam negeri
Johor.
Diceritakan juga (tak pasti sama ada ia satu 'joke' atau
'true story'), Mat Saleh mati akal dengan kebijaksanaan DSAD semasa mengukur
sempadan peta untuk Negeri Johor. Inggeris mencadangkan supaya menggunakan
batang besi (pengukur ela) sebagai alat pengukur. Tapi DSAD
membantah kerana mengikut teori sains, bahan besi ini berubah saiz mengikut
cuaca. Waktu cuaca panas, besi mengembang- besi ela menjadi panjang, bila
cuaca sejuk, besi mengecut dan menjadi pendek. Ini akan menjadikan ukuran
sempadan peta menjadi tidak tepat. Lalu DSAD mencadangkan supaya
menggunakan rotan kering sebagai alat pengukur kerana rotan tidak terjejas
dengan perubahan cuaca- maka ukuran sentiasa tepat.
Jika DSAD tidak dipecat, mungkin Negeri Johor lebih awal
diwujudkan sebagai sebuah negara merdeka (tidak dijajah oleh british) dan
tidak perlu menyertai Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.
Berikut adalah ringkasan riwayat biografi Dato’ Seri Amar
DiRaja Abdul Rahman Andak yang saya salin dari website
www.brookwoodcemetry.com. Artkel asal ditulis oleh YBhg Dato Abdul Rahim bin
Ramli, Setiausaha Majlis Jemaah DiRaja Johor yang juga bekas SUKN Johor.
DSAD with Johore and British
Abdul Rahman bin Andak was born in Telok Belanga
Singapore on 13 June 1859, the son of Andak bin Meng who
was later appointed as penghulu of Lenga in Muar and later as the district
officer of Segamat in 1895. He had his early education under
Ibrahim Munshi. Maharaja Abu Bakar at that time childless sent a nephew
Ungku Othman bin Abdul Rahman to be educated in England. Abdul
Rahman Andak even in his young days had shown talent and caught Abu
Bakar' eyes. He was sent to accompany Othman for further education in
England. They left for England on 23 February 1871.
His English education was to prove vital in his future career as one of the most able and influential man in Johor at the turn of the century. On 19 June 1878 he was recruited into government service upon graduating. Up to 1883 he served a s the assistant secretary and chief translator. In 1886 he was conferred the Second Class Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) and the honorific title of Dato' Sri Amar DiRaja by Abu Bakar. In 1892 he received the First Class Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ).
By the 1880's the Johor government was taking the shape which would continue into the era of British intervention. Abu Bakar's administration consisted of meritocrats like Ibrahim Munshi and Mohd Salleh bin Perang who were his contemporaries and educated at Keasbury School. However the most meteoric individual career that was founded on ability and ambition, not nobility was that of Abdul Rahman Andak.
His first opportunity came in 1885 - when he was chosen by Maharaja Abu Bakar as one of his senior advisers to negotiate the Anglo-Johor Treaty by which Abu Bakar secured British recognition as Sultan of Johor. This visit to London was an attempt by Abu Bakar to avert the possibility of his kingdom being brought under the Residential system of British rule. This was the first time Abdul Rahman had a brush in outmaneuvering the British especially Governor Weld.
In 1884 he became the private secretary to the Ruler and later as Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1893 he had occupied the post of State Secretary and sat on the State Council. For twenty years he was the expert and trusted advisor for Sultan Abu Bakar and Sultan Ibrahim for their dealings with the British in Singapore and London. Winstedt wrote Abdul Rahman practically ran the State in the Sultan's absence. Cecil Smith suspected it was Abdul Rahman who drafted the Sultan's replies to communications From the Singapore authorities.
Under Abdul Rahman's influence Abu Bakar became increasingly reluctant to accept British advice. For 33 consecutive years Abu Bakar successfully preserved Johor's independence in the face of British forward movement and expansionist designs. Sultan Ibrahim a young ruler of twenty two had little administrative experience when he ascended the throne. He was more inclined to look to Abdul Rahman for guidance. Abdul Rahman had given Ibrahim precious ideas of his position as absolute sovereign and the independence of Johor.
The spiteful abuse which exasperated British officials directed at him is sufficient evidence of his skill in frustrating their efforts to intervene or to exert pressure on Johor. The British strategy for intervention in Johor was three fold. First was to prevent the government from receiving advice and direction from its Advisory Board in London. Second was to press on for the construction o f a railway line across Johor. The final strategy was to get rid of Abdul Rahman.
His English education was to prove vital in his future career as one of the most able and influential man in Johor at the turn of the century. On 19 June 1878 he was recruited into government service upon graduating. Up to 1883 he served a s the assistant secretary and chief translator. In 1886 he was conferred the Second Class Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) and the honorific title of Dato' Sri Amar DiRaja by Abu Bakar. In 1892 he received the First Class Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ).
By the 1880's the Johor government was taking the shape which would continue into the era of British intervention. Abu Bakar's administration consisted of meritocrats like Ibrahim Munshi and Mohd Salleh bin Perang who were his contemporaries and educated at Keasbury School. However the most meteoric individual career that was founded on ability and ambition, not nobility was that of Abdul Rahman Andak.
His first opportunity came in 1885 - when he was chosen by Maharaja Abu Bakar as one of his senior advisers to negotiate the Anglo-Johor Treaty by which Abu Bakar secured British recognition as Sultan of Johor. This visit to London was an attempt by Abu Bakar to avert the possibility of his kingdom being brought under the Residential system of British rule. This was the first time Abdul Rahman had a brush in outmaneuvering the British especially Governor Weld.
In 1884 he became the private secretary to the Ruler and later as Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1893 he had occupied the post of State Secretary and sat on the State Council. For twenty years he was the expert and trusted advisor for Sultan Abu Bakar and Sultan Ibrahim for their dealings with the British in Singapore and London. Winstedt wrote Abdul Rahman practically ran the State in the Sultan's absence. Cecil Smith suspected it was Abdul Rahman who drafted the Sultan's replies to communications From the Singapore authorities.
Under Abdul Rahman's influence Abu Bakar became increasingly reluctant to accept British advice. For 33 consecutive years Abu Bakar successfully preserved Johor's independence in the face of British forward movement and expansionist designs. Sultan Ibrahim a young ruler of twenty two had little administrative experience when he ascended the throne. He was more inclined to look to Abdul Rahman for guidance. Abdul Rahman had given Ibrahim precious ideas of his position as absolute sovereign and the independence of Johor.
The spiteful abuse which exasperated British officials directed at him is sufficient evidence of his skill in frustrating their efforts to intervene or to exert pressure on Johor. The British strategy for intervention in Johor was three fold. First was to prevent the government from receiving advice and direction from its Advisory Board in London. Second was to press on for the construction o f a railway line across Johor. The final strategy was to get rid of Abdul Rahman.
The Johor Advisory Board in London founded by Abu Bakar
was wholly financed by Johor. The primary objective of constituting the
Board was to secure an accredited representative of the state in England
who would be in a position to approach the Colonial Office and claim its
attention. Abdul Rahman knew of a ploy to prevent the Board from offering
advice to Ibrahim. Firstly with advice from the Colonial Oftice the Board
suggested Johor to receive a loan of 200,000 Sterling Pounds on condition
she accepts a Straits Settlement Auditor or alternatively join the Federated
Malay States. On Abdul Rahman's advice the plan was rejected.
Secondly the Board was not agreeable on Ibrahim's action
of giving away large concessions of land to people in Britain. The
differences in opinion between lbrahim and Abdul Rahman on one hand and
the Board on the other came to a head in 1905 over a case involving
the Johore State Corporation Ltd backed by Amsterdam financiers. The Board
resigned en bloc on 20 October 1905. This was a triumph for the British. The
British under Swettenham who was regarded as the architect of indirect British
rule had planned for the construction of a railway line across Johor
providing a link between the Federated Malay States and Singapore.
Swettenham offered two alternatives, the first was that the FMS build the lines
and provide loans to Johor. Secondly it was for Johor to provide its own
finances but the lines will be built by the FMS. With Abdul Rahman's advice
that the railway project be a Johor state enterprise the negotiations became
protracted and grew into a bad tempered stalemate much to the impatience of the
British. Ibrahim feared the acceptance of principal and other assistance Bom
the British and the FMS would jeopardize Johor's independence.
Abdul Rahman was at the receiving end of abuse by the British. Cecil Smith wrote of him "as a clever little fellow but an absolute nobody among the Malay aristocrats". Other epithets cited are "corrupt" and "a mischievous little dog". Swettenham denigrated him as "a bad adviser for anyone, quite unscrupulous. .. . and dangerous because he speaks English and has to do with Europeans all his life."
An incident on January 1907 led Anderson to demand imperiously that he be dismissed. He was under the impression Abdul Rahman had sought to undermine an agreement to let the Johore Opium and Spirit Farm to the same tax farmers. History has proven in actual fact Abdul Rahman's stance was based on a decision of the Johor State Council to discontinue joint letting of the farms since it was not in Johor's interest.
Ibrahim had no choice but to agree with Anderson. Abdul Rahman's service as Deputy Menteri Besar was terminated and he was sent into an enforced exile to London in April 1909 with an annual pension of 1,000 Sterling Pounds. Loss of office was a personal disaster because most of the Malay administrators lacked personal wealth. They, and their fathers before them, have made their livelihood by service to the ruler. They did not own land or possess other personal wealth. Abdul Rahman spent his time in exile as a ward to brahim's young sons Ismail (later Sultan), Abu Bakar and Ahmad while they were attending schools in London. Ibrahim had come to England and looked into the arrangements for his sons and had contacted Abdul Rahman.
To Anderson the enforced removal of Abdul Rahman was a necessary prelude to the establishment of more overt British influence in Johor. He was to be proved more wrong. Ibrahim showed he was still his father's son. He finally relented to have a General Advisor Douglas Graham Campbell in January 1910 but with certain conditions. British and Malay officers are to be of the same status. Johor Malays are given preference in government appointments. Except for the General Advisor all British officers are to don Johor uniform. The British flag is not permitted to be raised. The official language is both Malay and English. The Sultan retained the entire personal control of the Johor Military Force.
In 1918 the Federal government requested a loan from Johor. Rather than giving a loan Ibrahim decided to settle the loan of $1 1,052,000 given to Johor for the construction of the railway. This settlement was seven years earlier than schedule. It reflected the resentment br ahim held against the British idea and to prove Johor is able to stand on its own finances.
Abdul Rahman was at the receiving end of abuse by the British. Cecil Smith wrote of him "as a clever little fellow but an absolute nobody among the Malay aristocrats". Other epithets cited are "corrupt" and "a mischievous little dog". Swettenham denigrated him as "a bad adviser for anyone, quite unscrupulous. .. . and dangerous because he speaks English and has to do with Europeans all his life."
An incident on January 1907 led Anderson to demand imperiously that he be dismissed. He was under the impression Abdul Rahman had sought to undermine an agreement to let the Johore Opium and Spirit Farm to the same tax farmers. History has proven in actual fact Abdul Rahman's stance was based on a decision of the Johor State Council to discontinue joint letting of the farms since it was not in Johor's interest.
Ibrahim had no choice but to agree with Anderson. Abdul Rahman's service as Deputy Menteri Besar was terminated and he was sent into an enforced exile to London in April 1909 with an annual pension of 1,000 Sterling Pounds. Loss of office was a personal disaster because most of the Malay administrators lacked personal wealth. They, and their fathers before them, have made their livelihood by service to the ruler. They did not own land or possess other personal wealth. Abdul Rahman spent his time in exile as a ward to brahim's young sons Ismail (later Sultan), Abu Bakar and Ahmad while they were attending schools in London. Ibrahim had come to England and looked into the arrangements for his sons and had contacted Abdul Rahman.
To Anderson the enforced removal of Abdul Rahman was a necessary prelude to the establishment of more overt British influence in Johor. He was to be proved more wrong. Ibrahim showed he was still his father's son. He finally relented to have a General Advisor Douglas Graham Campbell in January 1910 but with certain conditions. British and Malay officers are to be of the same status. Johor Malays are given preference in government appointments. Except for the General Advisor all British officers are to don Johor uniform. The British flag is not permitted to be raised. The official language is both Malay and English. The Sultan retained the entire personal control of the Johor Military Force.
In 1918 the Federal government requested a loan from Johor. Rather than giving a loan Ibrahim decided to settle the loan of $1 1,052,000 given to Johor for the construction of the railway. This settlement was seven years earlier than schedule. It reflected the resentment br ahim held against the British idea and to prove Johor is able to stand on its own finances.
Abdul Rahman married Che' Lembek a niece of Dato' Yahaya
bin Abu Talib an officer in the Johor Military Force. She died in 1885
when Abdul Rahman was accompanying Abu Bakar to London to sign the
Anglo-Johor Treaty. She left a daughter Rahmah who later married Dato'
Abdullah bin Jaafar a relative of Dato' Bentara Luar Mohammad Salleh
bin Perang. A reception was held in the residence of Ungku Abdul Majid, Abu
Bakar's younger brother on 12 June 1895 to welcome Dato' Sri Amar
DiRaja and his wife on their arrival from Europe. He had married the daughter
of Herman Katz, the proprietor of Katz Bros. Ltd. a department store in
Singapore. Herman Katz was conferred the Dato' Paduka Mahkota Johor
in 1890 for services rendered to Abu Bakar on his trips to Frankfurt.
Herman Katz had ccompanied Prince Henry of Prussia brother of the German Kaiser
on his second visit to Johor on 24 February 1898.
Auguste (Gustel)
Reis (Abdul Rahman second wife)
In 1929 Ibrahim on his visit to London graciously
granted an audience to Abdul Rahman in Grosvenor House, Mayfair. Abdul Rahman
kissed the extended hand of Ibrahim as a sign of loyalty. Abdul Rahman
presented Ibrahim a life size oil painting of Sultan Abu Bakar resplendent
in full royal regalia. Abdul Rahman had the painting as his personal
collection. To this day the painting is exhibited in the Istana Besar as a sign
of appreciation by Ibrahim. In Malay custom when a ruler grants an audience and
extends his hand it meant he has forgiven that person. In reality Abdul Rahman
was never disloyal to Ibrahim, neither did he commit treason. He was exiled for
being a pawn in a strategy of extending indirect British ruIe.
Abdul Rahman died on 10 September 1931 at age 71.He
was buried at Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey. His wife was buried next to him
on her demise. They were survived by their two sons Dr Murad and Maarof.
The jaundiced and controversial aspects of Abdul Rahman's performance and
rhetoric of colonialist domination have clouded his achievements. He took a
leading part in the establishment of the education system. He was the
founder of Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa a literary society later
known as the Royal Society of Malay Literature Johor to widen the vocabulary
and use of the Malay language. He was responsible for the use of the Malay language as the official and
working language of the government. His emphasis on the Jawi script is still in
force as all official correspondence with the palace and decisions of the
Executive Council are to be written in Malay with Jawi script.
Abdul Rahman was the expert in foreign relations and
policies. He had traveled far and wide to promote Johor internationally.
He was in Chicago in 1893 for an exhibition of Johor State
regalia. He had presented a talk to the Geographical Society in London when
introducing the map of Johor plotted by Dato’ Bentara Luar in
1894. He arranged for the map to be exhibited in Adelaide.
In his time as State Secretary he made regulations, in
the nature of general orders, on civil service procedure and financial
accountability. He is credited with advising Abu Bakar to promulgate the first
written constitution of any Malay state, with its provision against any
surrender of sovereignty to a foreign power.
lbrahim's Abdul Rahman claimed a greater degree of
independence than Abu Bakar. He repeatedly resisted British advice and
attempted to thwart British intent, in particular the FMS railway project.
These achievements and qualities have earned Abdul Rahman the status of a
paladin and champion of Johor's independence.
ABDUL RAHMAN ANDAK
DAN KEDAULATAN BAHASA MELAYU
Abdul Rahman Andak adalah anak kepada Haji Andak bin
Jamak. Beliau adalah anak Johor yang pertama melanjutkan pelajaran di
England pada 1870 sebelum memulakan kerjayanya dalam Jabatan Perkhidmatan Awam
Johor (JCS) dan berakhir dengan jawatan Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri.
Disebabkan mempunyai pendidikan Inggeris, beliau mempunyai hubungan yang rapat
dengan pegawai Inggeris dan pedagang asing di Johor.
Tugas utama yang dilakukan oleh Abdul Rahman ialah mengawal hubungan yang dijalankan di antara kerajaan Johor dengan pihak Inggeris. Tugas yang dilakukan sememangnya berat dan beliau harus menentukan agar hubungan berjalan dengan seimbang.
Disebabkan keadaan itu, Inggeris tidak dapat mengambil kesempatan untuk menguasai dan menjajah negeri Johor. Beliau menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik sehingga ada di kalangan pegawai Inggeris yang tidak menyukainya kerana sikapnya yang tegas terhadap mereka.
Dalam menyelamatkan Johor dari terperangkap dengan muslihat penjajah, Abdul Rahman selaku Penasihat Sultan bertanggungjawab menasihat Sultan Abu Bakar menandatangani teriti persahabatan dengan Inggeris pada 1885, Perlembagaan Negeri Johor 1895 dan menyekat percubaan Inggeris melantik Penasihat Am Inggeris.
Pada 1888, Abdul Rahman Andak bersama putera Abdullah Munsyi, Datuk Muhammad Ibrahim Munsyi membuka lembaran baru memperjuangkan kedaulatan Bahasa Melayu dengan mengasaskan Pakatan Belajar-Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa (PBMPB) di Johor Bahru.
Walaupun berpendidikan Inggeris, beliau mewujudkan kesedaran untuk memperjuangkan kemajuan bahasa Melayu secara berkumpulan melalui PBMPB. Tujuannya untuk mengkaji dan mempelajari bahasa Melayu agar pengetahuan bahasa Melayu itu lebih mudah disebarkan kepada orang Melayu.
Usaha yang utama organisasi ini (PBMPB) ialah menterjemahkan istilah atau perkataan daripada bahasa Inggeris ke dalam bahasa Melayu. Beberapa perkataan yang dicipta ketika itu dan kekal hingga sekarang adalah seperti setiausaha, pejabat dan kerja raya.
Tugas utama yang dilakukan oleh Abdul Rahman ialah mengawal hubungan yang dijalankan di antara kerajaan Johor dengan pihak Inggeris. Tugas yang dilakukan sememangnya berat dan beliau harus menentukan agar hubungan berjalan dengan seimbang.
Disebabkan keadaan itu, Inggeris tidak dapat mengambil kesempatan untuk menguasai dan menjajah negeri Johor. Beliau menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik sehingga ada di kalangan pegawai Inggeris yang tidak menyukainya kerana sikapnya yang tegas terhadap mereka.
Dalam menyelamatkan Johor dari terperangkap dengan muslihat penjajah, Abdul Rahman selaku Penasihat Sultan bertanggungjawab menasihat Sultan Abu Bakar menandatangani teriti persahabatan dengan Inggeris pada 1885, Perlembagaan Negeri Johor 1895 dan menyekat percubaan Inggeris melantik Penasihat Am Inggeris.
Pada 1888, Abdul Rahman Andak bersama putera Abdullah Munsyi, Datuk Muhammad Ibrahim Munsyi membuka lembaran baru memperjuangkan kedaulatan Bahasa Melayu dengan mengasaskan Pakatan Belajar-Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa (PBMPB) di Johor Bahru.
Walaupun berpendidikan Inggeris, beliau mewujudkan kesedaran untuk memperjuangkan kemajuan bahasa Melayu secara berkumpulan melalui PBMPB. Tujuannya untuk mengkaji dan mempelajari bahasa Melayu agar pengetahuan bahasa Melayu itu lebih mudah disebarkan kepada orang Melayu.
Usaha yang utama organisasi ini (PBMPB) ialah menterjemahkan istilah atau perkataan daripada bahasa Inggeris ke dalam bahasa Melayu. Beberapa perkataan yang dicipta ketika itu dan kekal hingga sekarang adalah seperti setiausaha, pejabat dan kerja raya.
Pendekatan yang diamalkan Abdul Rahman termasuk usaha melahirkan ramai bijak
pandai Melayu melalui pendidikan menyebabkan wujud 'taktik kotor' untuk
menyingkirkannya bagi mengelakkan pengaruhnya berkembang.
Inggeris mendapati selagi ada Abdul Rahman Andak mereka sukar menguasai Johor. Oleh itu, Sultan Ibrahim dipengaruhi untuk menamatkan perkhidmatan beliau dan 'disemadikan' di England pada 1909.
Gabenor Anderson bertindak menyingkir Abdul Rahman dengan persetujuan Sultan Ibrahim dan mencadangkan Abdul Rahman dibayar pencen 1000 pounds sterling setahun. Keadaan ini membolehkan Inggeris bertapak di Johor pada 1909 dan menguasai Johor mulai 1914.
Inggeris mendapati selagi ada Abdul Rahman Andak mereka sukar menguasai Johor. Oleh itu, Sultan Ibrahim dipengaruhi untuk menamatkan perkhidmatan beliau dan 'disemadikan' di England pada 1909.
Gabenor Anderson bertindak menyingkir Abdul Rahman dengan persetujuan Sultan Ibrahim dan mencadangkan Abdul Rahman dibayar pencen 1000 pounds sterling setahun. Keadaan ini membolehkan Inggeris bertapak di Johor pada 1909 dan menguasai Johor mulai 1914.
Situasi itu menyebabkan Abdul Rahman membawa diri ke London dan meninggal dunia
di sana, namun jasanya tetap dikenang sebagai seorang daripada tokoh yang
membawa pembaharuan dalam pendidikan khususnya perjuangan bahasa Melayu.
Walaupun tidak membabitkan sebarang penentangan atau tumpah darah dalam memperjuangkan bangsa, Abdul Rahman tetap dikenang dalam usahanya mengasaskan PBMPB.
Walaupun tidak membabitkan sebarang penentangan atau tumpah darah dalam memperjuangkan bangsa, Abdul Rahman tetap dikenang dalam usahanya mengasaskan PBMPB.
Antara 1935 hingga 1947, PBMPB menghasilkan 34 buku, 16 daripadanya mengenai
bahasa yang meliputi perkamusan, tatabahasa, ejaan dan daftar kata, manakala 18
lagi mengenai sejarah, kebudayaan dan laporan.
Dalam bidang peristilahan pula, PBMPB memainkan fungsi besar mencipta beberapa istilah baru seperti pesuruhjaya, warta, jurucakap, jadual waktu dan timbalan.
Dalam bidang peristilahan pula, PBMPB memainkan fungsi besar mencipta beberapa istilah baru seperti pesuruhjaya, warta, jurucakap, jadual waktu dan timbalan.
Abdul Rahman dianggap sebagai pemimpin pertubuhan terkenal dalam memberi nafas
kepada organisasi itu. Namun begitu pertubuhan itu tidak kekal dan pada 1904
usaha dibuat untuk menghidupkannya kembali.
Organisasi itu semakin tidak bermaya sehinggalah pada 1934, baginda Sultan Johor bersetuju memberi bantuan RM2,000. Nama Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa ditukar kepada Pakatan Bahasa Melayu dan Persuratan Buku-buku Diraja (PBMPB). Gelaran 'Diraja' dianugerah oleh Sultan Johor, Sultan Ibrahim Ibni Sultan Abu Bakar pada 14 April 1935.
Sumbangan awal Abdul Rahman itu diakui banyak memberi kesan dalam perkembangan Bahasa Melayu sehingga membawa kepada penubuhan Balai Pustaka pada Jun 1956 sebelum ditukar nama kepada Dewan Bahawa Pustaka (DBP) pada September 1956.
Organisasi itu semakin tidak bermaya sehinggalah pada 1934, baginda Sultan Johor bersetuju memberi bantuan RM2,000. Nama Pakatan Belajar Mengajar Pengetahuan Bahasa ditukar kepada Pakatan Bahasa Melayu dan Persuratan Buku-buku Diraja (PBMPB). Gelaran 'Diraja' dianugerah oleh Sultan Johor, Sultan Ibrahim Ibni Sultan Abu Bakar pada 14 April 1935.
Sumbangan awal Abdul Rahman itu diakui banyak memberi kesan dalam perkembangan Bahasa Melayu sehingga membawa kepada penubuhan Balai Pustaka pada Jun 1956 sebelum ditukar nama kepada Dewan Bahawa Pustaka (DBP) pada September 1956.
Abdul Rahman dilahirkan pada 1850 kemudian (setelah bersara) menetap di London dan berkahwin dengan Gustel Reis. mendapat tiga anak lelaki iaitu Henry, Mansour dan Walter. Beliau meninggal dunia pada 10 September 1930 di London dan dikebumikan di Tanah Perkuburan Islam Woking, London.
Datin Seri Amar Gustel Agustes Reis. Germanian..
maybe jews. Dia merupakan anak kepada Dato' Hermann Katz, one of 5 foreigners
yang di confered "Dato" oleh HH Albert Baker pada tahun 1890..
Dato' Hermann Katz jugak bertanggungjawab membawa HH Albert Baker jumpe Kaiser German pada 1878 dan seterusnya lawatan balas Prince Henry of Prussia pada tahun 1898 (bile pulang ke europe dari Johor inilah Prince Henry dibunuh - lalu mencetuskan Perang Dunia Pertama).
Dato' Hermann Katz jugak pernah menulis buku bertajuk "Hikayat Acara Manusia dan Binatang Dihadapan Majlis Raja Jin" pada tahun 1891..
Dan.. dia merupakan bini kepada :
Datuk Seri Amar DiRaja Rahman Andak
Dorang berkahwin di Istana Ungku Abdul Majid, adik HH Albert Baker.... di Kesington London pada 12 June 1895.. mereka dikurniakan 3 orang anak lelaki.. Walter Abd. Rahman, Henry Abd. Rahman, dan Mansur Abd. Rahman..
They happily live ever after..
EARLY LIFE
Pada awal kehidupannya, Dato' Seri Amar considered lucky..
Semasa kecil, dia merupakan salah seorang saksi mata semasa peristiwa letupan kapal wap "Johore" di Singapore dock.. DAN.. dia jugak lah yang menyelamatkan Dato' Salleh Perang dari mati terbunuh.. yang ketika itu berhenti semasa dalam perjalanan ke Kapal itu untuk bertanya khabar kepada Dato' Seri Amar yang bermain di tepi dock..
Dato' Seri Amar jugak, earliest Malay yang mendapat perlajaran di Europe, semasa menemankan sepupu HH Albert Baker, Ungku Othman belajar di London pada 1871..
TACTICIAN
He's tactical movement over political disputes selalu membuatkan British terkedu..
Over 31 years berkhidmat.. sejak tahun 1878... he managed to keeps British at bay, leaving Johore untouchable for over 31 years of chess games.. sepanjang 31 tahun jugak, he managed to outmanouvering the brilliant british ambition.. over johore state.
Amongst those, dia jugak lah yang bertanggungjawab :
- Single handedly drafted "Undang-Undang Tubuh Negeri Johore".. sebelum di revise oleh Dirk & Davidson pada tahun 1914
- Menubuhkan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka sekarang
- Anglo Johor Treaty 1885
- Thwarf cubaan British.. merumikan tulisan jawi dalam pentadbiran negeri
TRAGIC LIFE OF DATO' SERI AMAR
Selepas peristiwa FMS Railway, kebrassballan Dato' Seri Amar melawan British tanpa merujuk kepada HH Ibrahim menyebabkan dia dibuang 'negeri' ke London pada tahun 1909 atas saranan Sir John Anderson.. dengan tuduhan 'treason'...
Beliau jugak pernah dipanggil "Anjing yang merbahaya, kerana mampu berbahasa inggeris dan hidup carahidup orang inggeris" oleh Sir Frank Swettenham.. sampai mcm tu skali British benci dia..
Dia diberikan 'tugas' baru dengan menjaga anak2 Sultan Ibrahim - Sultan Ismail, Tunku Abu Bakar, Tunku Ahmad dan.... Dato' Onn Jaafar..yang ketika itu belajar dihantar belajar ke London dengan HC Buckley..
ONCE UPON TIME IN LONDON
Unknown to us... Dato' Seri Amar DiRaja.. disisih sepanjang 30 tahun dalam buangan di London.. Keluarga sebelah isterinya memandang Dato' Seri Amar seperti seekor Alien.. kerana 'kelainan' kulit Dato' Seri Amar dan 'kecatatan' mata Dato' Seri Amar yang sepet itu..
Dia terpaksa mendongak jika berbicara dengan orang..
Dato' Amar 3 dari kanan.. bersama keluarga sebelah British nyerr
Beliau banyak menghabiskan masa di Library of London, mengarang kamus-kamus Bahasa Melayu ; English.. dengan bantuan anak tirinya bernama "Elsa"..
hasil kerja beliau banyak diambil oleh Geographic Society of London sebagai rujukan..
BELIAU JUGAKLAH yang memberi recommendation sehinggakan Peta Negeri Johor yang dilukis oleh Dato' Salleh Perang di iktiraf oleh Geographic Society dan di pamerkan di pameran Natinal Geographic Society di Adeleide pada tahun 1894.
KASIH ABADI
Sepanjang 30 tahun dalam buangan, beliau terus dilupakan... isteri dan anak2 lah peneman bicara dia..
Sepanjang 30 tahun itu jugak... satu-satunya harta berharga yang dibawa hanyalah sekeping gambar HH Albert Baker yang sebesar dinding... tanda pengubat rindu pada tanah Johor..
Then.. pada satu hari.. tahun 1929.. :
Gambar itu dihadiahkan kepada HH Ibrahim, semasa menginap di Grosvenor House.. dibalas dengan huluran tangan tanda maaf dari HH Ibrahim atas peristiwa lepas..
SAD DEPARTURE
2 tahun selepas 'pengampunan' itu.. pada pagi 10 September 1931, Dato' Seri Amar DiRaja meninggal dunia.. dan dikebumikan di Muslim Cemetary of Brookwood in Surrey. Pemergian beliau hanya ditemani isteri... dan anak2 nya..
Selama 35 tahun, hidup susah senang bersama Dato' Amar.. semasa dia berpangkat, dan semasa dia dalam buangan..
... lonely, lost and brokenhearted.. Datin Gustel Agustes Reis meninggal dunia pada tahun 1932... dan dikebumikan bersebelahan jasad Dato' Seri Amar di Brookwood.
Mereka meninggal dalam keadaan miskin.
... Ini adalah cerita.. kasih abadi seorang rakyat kepada raja dan tanahair, dan kasih seorag isteri - kepada suaminya..
Khususan Ila Arwahi, Abdul Rahman Andak Dato' Seri Amar DiRaja.. dan Gustel Agustes Reis, Datin Seri Amar DiRaja.. AL-FATIHAH...
Dato' Hermann Katz jugak bertanggungjawab membawa HH Albert Baker jumpe Kaiser German pada 1878 dan seterusnya lawatan balas Prince Henry of Prussia pada tahun 1898 (bile pulang ke europe dari Johor inilah Prince Henry dibunuh - lalu mencetuskan Perang Dunia Pertama).
Dato' Hermann Katz jugak pernah menulis buku bertajuk "Hikayat Acara Manusia dan Binatang Dihadapan Majlis Raja Jin" pada tahun 1891..
Dan.. dia merupakan bini kepada :
Datuk Seri Amar DiRaja Rahman Andak
Dorang berkahwin di Istana Ungku Abdul Majid, adik HH Albert Baker.... di Kesington London pada 12 June 1895.. mereka dikurniakan 3 orang anak lelaki.. Walter Abd. Rahman, Henry Abd. Rahman, dan Mansur Abd. Rahman..
They happily live ever after..
EARLY LIFE
Pada awal kehidupannya, Dato' Seri Amar considered lucky..
Semasa kecil, dia merupakan salah seorang saksi mata semasa peristiwa letupan kapal wap "Johore" di Singapore dock.. DAN.. dia jugak lah yang menyelamatkan Dato' Salleh Perang dari mati terbunuh.. yang ketika itu berhenti semasa dalam perjalanan ke Kapal itu untuk bertanya khabar kepada Dato' Seri Amar yang bermain di tepi dock..
Dato' Seri Amar jugak, earliest Malay yang mendapat perlajaran di Europe, semasa menemankan sepupu HH Albert Baker, Ungku Othman belajar di London pada 1871..
TACTICIAN
He's tactical movement over political disputes selalu membuatkan British terkedu..
Over 31 years berkhidmat.. sejak tahun 1878... he managed to keeps British at bay, leaving Johore untouchable for over 31 years of chess games.. sepanjang 31 tahun jugak, he managed to outmanouvering the brilliant british ambition.. over johore state.
Amongst those, dia jugak lah yang bertanggungjawab :
- Single handedly drafted "Undang-Undang Tubuh Negeri Johore".. sebelum di revise oleh Dirk & Davidson pada tahun 1914
- Menubuhkan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka sekarang
- Anglo Johor Treaty 1885
- Thwarf cubaan British.. merumikan tulisan jawi dalam pentadbiran negeri
TRAGIC LIFE OF DATO' SERI AMAR
Selepas peristiwa FMS Railway, kebrassballan Dato' Seri Amar melawan British tanpa merujuk kepada HH Ibrahim menyebabkan dia dibuang 'negeri' ke London pada tahun 1909 atas saranan Sir John Anderson.. dengan tuduhan 'treason'...
Beliau jugak pernah dipanggil "Anjing yang merbahaya, kerana mampu berbahasa inggeris dan hidup carahidup orang inggeris" oleh Sir Frank Swettenham.. sampai mcm tu skali British benci dia..
Dia diberikan 'tugas' baru dengan menjaga anak2 Sultan Ibrahim - Sultan Ismail, Tunku Abu Bakar, Tunku Ahmad dan.... Dato' Onn Jaafar..yang ketika itu belajar dihantar belajar ke London dengan HC Buckley..
ONCE UPON TIME IN LONDON
Unknown to us... Dato' Seri Amar DiRaja.. disisih sepanjang 30 tahun dalam buangan di London.. Keluarga sebelah isterinya memandang Dato' Seri Amar seperti seekor Alien.. kerana 'kelainan' kulit Dato' Seri Amar dan 'kecatatan' mata Dato' Seri Amar yang sepet itu..
Dia terpaksa mendongak jika berbicara dengan orang..
Dato' Amar 3 dari kanan.. bersama keluarga sebelah British nyerr
Beliau banyak menghabiskan masa di Library of London, mengarang kamus-kamus Bahasa Melayu ; English.. dengan bantuan anak tirinya bernama "Elsa"..
hasil kerja beliau banyak diambil oleh Geographic Society of London sebagai rujukan..
BELIAU JUGAKLAH yang memberi recommendation sehinggakan Peta Negeri Johor yang dilukis oleh Dato' Salleh Perang di iktiraf oleh Geographic Society dan di pamerkan di pameran Natinal Geographic Society di Adeleide pada tahun 1894.
KASIH ABADI
Sepanjang 30 tahun dalam buangan, beliau terus dilupakan... isteri dan anak2 lah peneman bicara dia..
Sepanjang 30 tahun itu jugak... satu-satunya harta berharga yang dibawa hanyalah sekeping gambar HH Albert Baker yang sebesar dinding... tanda pengubat rindu pada tanah Johor..
Then.. pada satu hari.. tahun 1929.. :
Gambar itu dihadiahkan kepada HH Ibrahim, semasa menginap di Grosvenor House.. dibalas dengan huluran tangan tanda maaf dari HH Ibrahim atas peristiwa lepas..
SAD DEPARTURE
2 tahun selepas 'pengampunan' itu.. pada pagi 10 September 1931, Dato' Seri Amar DiRaja meninggal dunia.. dan dikebumikan di Muslim Cemetary of Brookwood in Surrey. Pemergian beliau hanya ditemani isteri... dan anak2 nya..
Selama 35 tahun, hidup susah senang bersama Dato' Amar.. semasa dia berpangkat, dan semasa dia dalam buangan..
... lonely, lost and brokenhearted.. Datin Gustel Agustes Reis meninggal dunia pada tahun 1932... dan dikebumikan bersebelahan jasad Dato' Seri Amar di Brookwood.
Mereka meninggal dalam keadaan miskin.
... Ini adalah cerita.. kasih abadi seorang rakyat kepada raja dan tanahair, dan kasih seorag isteri - kepada suaminya..
Khususan Ila Arwahi, Abdul Rahman Andak Dato' Seri Amar DiRaja.. dan Gustel Agustes Reis, Datin Seri Amar DiRaja.. AL-FATIHAH...
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